Section 106C of Evidence Act CAP 80: Proof as to a electronic signature
Except in the case of a secure signature, if the electronic signature of any subscriber is alleged to have been affixed to an electronic record, then the fact that such an electronic signature is the electronic signature of the subscriber must be proved.
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- Section 106D - Proof as to the verification of electronic signature
In order to ascertain whether an electronic signature is that of a person by whom it purports to have been affixed, the court may direct—
(a) that person or the certification service provider to...
- Section 106E - Presumption as to Gazette in electronic form
A court shall take recognizance of every electronic record purporting to be the official Gazette, or purporting to be electronic record directed by any law to be kept by any person, if such electronic...
- Section 106F - Presumption as to electronic agreements
A court shall presume that every electronic record purporting to be an agreement containing the electronic signatures of the parties was concluded by affixing the digital signature of the parties.
- Section 106G - Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
(1) In any proceedings involving a secure electronic record, the court shall presume, unless the contrary is proved, that the secure electronic record has not been altered since the specific point of...
- Section 106H - Presumption as to electronic signature certificates
A court shall presume, unless the contrary is proved, that the information listed in an electronic signature certificate is correct, except for information, which has not been verified, if the...
- Section 106I - Presumption as to electronic messages
A court may presume that an electronic message forwarded by the originator through an electronic mail server to the addressee to whom the message purports to be addressed corresponds with the message...
- Section 107 - Burden of proof
(1) Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist.
(2) When a person is bound...
- Section 108 - Incidence of burden
The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side.
- Section 109 - Proof of particular fact
The burden of proof as to any particular fact lies on the person who wishes the court to believe in its existence, unless it is provided by any law that the proof of that fact shall lie on any...
- Section 110 - Proof of admissibility
The burden of proving any fact necessary to be proved in order to enable any person to give evidence of any other fact is on the person who wishes to give such evidence.
- Section 111 - Burden on accused in certain cases
(1) When a person is accused of any offence, the burden of proving the existence of circumstances bringing the case within any exception or exemption from, or qualification to, the operation of the...
- Section 112 - Proof of special knowledge in civil proceedings
In civil proceedings, when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any party to those proceedings, the burden of proving or disproving that fact is upon him.
- Section 113 - 113. Repealed by Act No. 14 of 1972, Ninth Sch.
113. Repealed by Act No. 14 of 1972, Ninth Sch.
- Section 114 - 114. Repealed by Act No. 14 of 1972, Ninth Sch.
114. Repealed by Act No. 14 of 1972, Ninth Sch.
- Section 115 - Disproving apparent special relationship
When the question is whether persons are partners, landlord and tenant, or principal and agent, and it has been shown that they have been acting as such, the burden of proving that they do not stand,...
- Section 116 - Disproving ownership
When the question is whether any person is owner of anything of which he is shown to be in possession, the burden of proving that he is not the owner is on the person who affirms that he is not the...
- Section 117 - Proof of good faith
Where there is a question as to the good faith of a transaction between parties, one of whom stands to the other in a position of active confidence, the burden of proving the good faith of the...
- Section 118 - Conclusive proof of legitimacy
The fact that any person was born during the continuance of a valid marriage between his mother and any man, or within two hundred and eighty days after its dissolution, the mother remaining...
- Section 118A - Presumption of death
Where it is proved that a person has not been heard of for seven years by those who might be expected to have heard of him if he were alive, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that he is dead.
- Section 119 - Presumption of likely facts
The court may presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened, regard being had to the common course of natural events, human conduct and public and private business, in...
- Section 120 - General estoppel
When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative...
- Section 121 - Estoppel of tenant or licensee
No tenant of immovable property, or person claiming through such tenant, shall, during the continuance of the tenancy, be permitted to deny that the landlord of such tenant had at the beginning of the...
- Section 122 - Estoppel of acceptor of a bill of exchange
No acceptor of a bill of exchange shall be permitted to deny that the drawer had authority to draw such bill or to endorse it:
Provided that the acceptor of a bill of exchange may deny that the bill...
- Section 123 - Estoppel of a bailee, licensee or agent
No bailee, agent or licensee shall be permitted to deny that the bail or, principal or licensor, by whom any goods were entrusted to any of them respectively, was entitled to those goods at the time...
- Section 124 - Corroboration required in criminal cases
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 19 of the Oaths and Statutory Declarations Act (Cap. 15), where the evidence of the alleged victim is admitted in accordance with that section on behalf of...
- Section 125 - Competency generally
(1) All persons shall be competent to testify unless the court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by...
- Section 126 - Dumb witnesses
(1) A witness who is unable to speak may give his evidence in any other manner in which he can make it intelligible, as, for example, by writing or by signs; but such writing must be written, and the...
- Section 127 - Competency of parties and spouses
(1) In civil proceedings the parties to the suit, and the husband or wife of any party to the suit, shall be competent witnesses.
(2) In criminal proceedings every person charged with an offence,...
- Section 128 - Compellability of ordinary witnesses
A witness shall not be excused from answering any question as to any matter relevant to the matter in issue in any suit or in any civil or criminal proceeding, upon the ground that the answer to such...
- Section 129 - Privilege of court
No judge or magistrate shall, except upon the special order of some court to which he is subordinate, be compelled to answer any questions as to his own conduct in court as such judge or magistrate,...
- Section 130 - Communications during marriage
(1) No person shall be compelled to disclose any communication made to him or her during marriage, by the other spouse; nor shall a person be permitted to disclose such communication without the...
- Section 131 - Privilege relating to official records
Whenever it is stated on oath (whether by affidavit or otherwise) by a Minister that he has examined the contents of any document forming part of any unpublished official records, the production of...
- Section 132 - Privilege of official communications
No public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made by any person to him in the course of his duty, when he considers that the public interest would suffer by the disclosure.
- Section 133 - Privilege relating to information of commission of offences
(1) No judge, magistrate or police officer shall be compelled to say whence he got any information as to the commission of any offence, and no revenue officer shall be compelled to say whence he got...
- Section 134 - Privilege of advocates
(1) No advocate shall at any time be permitted unless with his client’s express consent, to disclose any communication made to him in the course and for the purpose of his employment as such advocate,...
- Section 135 - Privilege of interpreters, and advocates’ clerks and servants
The provisions of section 134 of this Act shall apply to interpreters, and the clerks or servants of advocates.
- Section 136 - Waiving of privilege of advocates, etc.
(1) If any party to a suit or proceeding gives evidence therein at his own instance or otherwise, he shall not be deemed to have consented thereby to such disclosure as is mentioned in section 134(1)...
- Section 137 - Communications with an advocate
No one shall be compelled to disclose to the court any confidential communication which has taken place between him and his advocate unless he offers himself as a witness, in which case he may be...
- Section 138 - Title deeds and incriminating documents in hands of third party
No witness who is not a party to the suit shall be compelled to produce his title deeds to any property, or any document in virtue of which he holds any property as pledge or mortgagee, or any...
- Section 139 - Privileged document in possession of another
No one shall be compelled to produce documents in his possession, which any other person would be entitled to refuse to produce if they were in his possession, unless such other person consents to...
- Section 140 - Bankers’ books
(1) A bank, or officer of a bank, shall not, in any legal proceedings to which the bank is not a party, be compelled to produce any banker’s book the contents of which can be proved under the...
- Section 141 - Accomplices
An accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person; and a conviction shall not be illegal merely because it proceeds upon the uncorroborated evidence of an accomplice.
- Section 142 - Privileges to exclude oral evidence of documents
No person who is entitled to refuse to produce a document shall be compelled to give oral evidence of its contents.
- Section 143 - Number of witnesses
No particular number of witnesses shall, in the absence of any provision of law to the contrary, be required for the proof of any fact.
- Section 144 - Court to decide as to the admissibility of evidence
(1) When either party proposes to give evidence of any fact, the court may ask the party proposing to give the evidence in what manner the alleged fact, if proved, would be admissible.
(2) The court...
- Section 145 - Type of examination of witnesses
(1) The examination of a witness by the party who calls him shall be called his examination-in-chief.
(2) The examination of a witness by the adverse party shall be called his cross-examination....
- Section 146 - Order and direction of examinations
(1) Witnesses shall first be examined-in-chief, then, if the adverse party so desires, cross-examined, then, if the party calling them so desires, re-examined.
(2) Subject to the following...
- Section 147 - Person called to produce a document
A person called to produce a document does not become a witness by the mere fact that he produces it, and cannot be cross-examined unless and until he is called as a witness.
- Section 148 - Witness to character
A witness to character may be cross-examined and re-examined.
- Section 149 - Meaning of leading question
Any question suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or expects to receive, or suggesting a disputed fact as to which the witness is to testify, is a leading question.